Risk factors that may have to do with your lifestyle choices increase your likelihood of developing pneumonia and include. To investigate risk factors for pneumonia for infants pneumonia who were admitted to a pediatric hospital. We therefore determined risk factors for death from pneumonia in. Risk factors associated with child pneumonia include. A casecontrol study was undertaken in 400 children under 5 years of age in south kerala, india, to identify the risk factors for severe pneumonia. While most healthy children can fight the infection with their natural defences, children whose immune systems are compromised are at higher risk of developing pneumonia. Risk factors for communityacquired pneumonia in children under. Risk factors for child pneumonia lack of breastfeeding.
Risk factors for childhood pneumonia among the urban poor in fortaleza brazil. Its also a risk factor when it comes to developing pneumonia. Pneumonia is a severe form of acute lower respiratory infection responsible for high preventable morbidities and mortality. If you smoke, your risk of contracting pneumonia is higher than that of the general population because smoking compromises your immune systems ability to defend itself from the organisms that make you sick. Most significant risk factors associated with complicated pneumonia included younger age, maternal and father education, rural area, malnutrition, anaemia, rickets, birth problems. Rotavirus is the most common cause of vaccinepreventable severe diarrhoea associated with 28% of cases, and streptococcus pneumoniae 183% of. Sep 11, 2018 childhood clinical pneumonia is caused by exposure to risk factors related to the host, the environment and infection. Many of these risk factors are amenable to corrective measures. The epidemiology of childhood diarrhoea and that of pneumonia overlap, which might be partly because of shared risk factors, such as undernutrition, suboptimum breastfeeding, and zinc deficiency. There was a call to reach a consensus on definitions of pneumonia in both resourcelimited and wellresourced settings. Most significant risk factors associated with complicated pneumonia included younger age, maternal and father education, rural area.
Aug 02, 2019 pneumonia can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi. Pdf risk factors for childhood pneumonia among the urban. The pooled global estimates sometimes mask disparities between. Risk factors for acute respiratory infections in children. Childhood clinical pneumonia is caused by exposure to risk factors related to the host, the environment and infection.
In addition to vaccination, primary prevention requires careful consideration of risk factors associated with child pneumonia. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus purulent material, causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Prevalence of pneumonia and factors associated among children. In view of the high prevalence of stunting in the study population, there is an urgent need to reduce the level of. In view of the high prevalence of stunting in the study population, there is an urgent need to reduce the level of malnutrition as a priority. The data was analyzed using the statistical software epiinfo version 7. Learn about causes, risk factors, prevention, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatments for pneumonia, and how to participate in clinical trials.
Prevalence of pneumonia and factors associated among. Who epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia. Risk factors of paediatric communityacquired pneumonia. Evidence showed that different factors were associated with occurrence of underfive pneumonia. Risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease in children. Reported incidence and risk factors of childhood pneumonia in. Previous research has shown that in low resource settings, risk factors for pneumonia in children have included malnutrition.
It can be concluded that in a developing country like india, pneumonia is a common childhood illness with risk factors like lower maternal education, delayed onset of complementary feeding, lack of complete immunization, indoor air pollution and also lower socio economic condition which is a scenario usually observed in urban slums. Pneumonia kills more children than aids, malaria and measles combined and that effective interventions exist to prevent and treat pneumonia but. Pdf incidence and risk factors of childhood pneumonialike. Some risk factors and clinical signs, including nutritional status,2 18 19 low birth weight,20 hypoxia, cyanosis and grunting,21 22 and radiological findings,23 are well described as the predictors of death in childhood pneumonia. In afghanistan, the mortality ratio for children china. Despite these challenges, the depth of the evaluation of multiple risk factors across the breadth of the perch sites should furnish new and valuable information about the major risk factors for childhood severe and very severe pneumonia, including risk factors for pneumonia caused by specific etiologies, in developing countries. Risk factors for severe pneumonia in children in south kerala. These reductions are consistent with the decrease in the prevalence of some of the key risk factors for pneumonia, increasing socioeconomic development and preventive interventions, improved access to care, and quality of care in hospitals. Types of chronic lung disease range from congenital conditions like asthma to those caused by tissue damage, like emphysema and lung cancer. However, you can lower your chances by taking good care of your medical problems, and quitting smoking. At both extremes of age, this increased risk relates in part to impaired immunity. Nov 26, 2018 globally, the incidence of child pneumonia decreased by 30% and mortality decreased by 51% during the millennium development goal period. A crosssectional study in eight cities of china article pdf available in environment international 116. Research shows that attendance at a childcare center increases the risk of invasive pneumococcal disease and acute otitis media 23fold among children younger than 59 months old.
To identify risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease, including penicillinresistant infections, among children 2 to 59 months of age. Nonetheless, further reduction of mortality due to childhood pneumonia requires a better understanding of the. Risk factors for pneumonia among children in a brazilian. Korppi european respiratory journal nov 2010, 36 5 12211222. Incidence and risk factors of childhood pneumonialike episodes in biliran island, philippinesa communitybased study article pdf available in plos one 105.
This study gives evidence for the importance of home environment exposures in the occurrence of childhood pneumonia. Aetiology and risks factors associated with the fatal. However, data at the community level remains limited. Definite risk factors malnutrition weightforage zscore low birth weight. In afghanistan, the mortality ratio for children pneumonia. Pneumonia is a leading cause of deaths in infants and young children in developing countries, including the philippines. Evaluation of risk factors for severe pneumonia in. The authors included 107 children with either radiologically or clinically diagnosed cap treated as outpatients in four dutch healthcare centres in 19992008, and compared. Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea the. Lack of breastfeeding is a leading risk factor of child morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Case definition for ari was was based on the integrated management of childhood illnesses imci classification for children presenting with cough or difficulty breathing mild ari no pneumonia, moderate ari pneumonia and severe ari severe pneumonia 14.
Pneumonia causes about two million under five deaths each year, accounting for nearly one in five child deaths globally. Pneumonia caused by bacteria can be treated with antibiotics, but only one third of children with pneumonia receive the antibiotics they need. Pdf home risk factors for childhood pneumonia in nanjing. In fact, children who suffer from underlying chronic disease e. Prevalence of pneumonia among under five children in este. Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea the lancet. Risk factors of pneumonia among children under 5 years at a. Background pneumonia was first described by hippocrates 5 460 370 bc. You are more likely to get pneumonia if you smoke or have underlying medical conditions, like diabetes or heart disease. Risk factors for childhood pneumonia among the urban poor in. Risk factors related to the host and the environment that affect incidence of childhood clinical pneumonia in the community in developing countries. Cherg proposed guidelines for the appropriate conduct of pneumonia etiology. Pdf residential risk factors for childhood pneumonia.
A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia. A childs immune system may be weakened by malnutrition or undernourishment, especially in infants who are not exclusively breastfed. Risk factors like lack of exclusive breastfeeding, low birth weight, undernutrition, indoor air pollution, overcrowding and lack of measles immunization are associated with pneumonia. Malnutrition was the most important risk factor for childhood pneumonia in the study population, with weightforage, heightforage, and weightforheight also being important risk factors. Although afghanistan is considered 1 of the 5 countries with the highest level of childhood deaths from pneumonia, studies of the risk factors for death and etiology of pneumonia among children in afghanistan are lacking 2. For young children, keep an eye on them if they have a fever, a prolonged cough, wheezing, or even paler than usual skin. Risk factors of communityacquired pneumonia in children t. National center for immunization and respiratory diseases, division of bacterial diseases.
One agematched neighborhood control subject was selected for each case. A household level interview survey was conducted in biliran island, the. Evidence exists in the published literature for a large number of pneumonia risk factors, including indoor air pollution 4, 5, malnutrition 6, 7, lack of breastfeeding 8, 9, low maternal education 6, 10, 11, low socioeconomic status ses, poor access to care, and concomitant illnesses 11. Malnutrition was the most important risk factor for childhood pneumonia in the study population, with weight for age, height for age, and weight for height also being important risk factors.
Our study aimed to estimate incidence and mortality rates and to evaluate risk factors and healthseeking behavior for childhood pneumonia. In order to investigate potential home risk factors associated with childrens pneumonia, china child home health cchh questionnaires were randomly distributed to parents of 6461 children in 23 kindergartens in all 11 districts of nanjing, covering urban, suburban, and industrial areas. To investigate risk factors for pneumonia for infants apr 01, 2012 generation of list of potential risk factors. The mayo clinic said children under 2years and adults over 65years of age are at particularly high risk. Home risk factors for childhood pneumonia in nanjing, china. Few studies have been carried out on residential risk factors for pneumonia. Pneumonia is a major cause of disease and death in infants and young children aged pdf available in plos one 105. Pneumonia is a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection of the lungs that causes the air sacs, or alveoli, of the lungs to fill up with fluid or pus. Global, regional, and national estimates of pneumonia. Pneumonia can be prevented by immunization, adequate nutrition, and by addressing environmental factors. In the studies evaluated, seven risk factors were shown to be significantly associated. Although afghanistan is considered 1 of the 5 countries with the highest level of childhood deaths from pneumonia, studies of the risk factors for death and etiology of pneumonia among children in afghanistan are lacking.
Risk for death among children with pneumonia, afghanistan. Prevalence and risk factors of pneumonia in under five children. Learn the common types, causes, and risk factors, what. The study population consisted of 156 young adults and 107 children aged for each case from the same.
The first consultation resulted in updated recommendations for preventing and managing pneumonia in hivinfected and exposed infants and children. Pneumonia national heart, lung, and blood institute nhlbi. Cases were inpatients with severe pneumonia as ascertained by who criteria, while controls were outpatients with nonsevere acute respiratory infections. Factors could be child, maternal, environmental, access to health care, overcrowding, indoor air pollution, charcoal use for cooking, carrying the child on back during cooking. In a recent issue of the european respiratory journal, teepe et al. Youre at greater risk of pneumonia if youre in a hospital intensive care unit, especially if youre on a machine that helps you breathe a ventilator. Universal exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life would prevent an estimated 1,301,000 deaths in children under 5 years of age per year, or % of all under5 mortality. Incidence and risk factors of childhood pneumonialike. Prevalence and risk factors of pneumonia in under five. Evidence exists in the published literature for a large number of pneumonia risk factors, including indoor air pollution 4, 5, malnutrition 6, 7, lack of breastfeeding. Patients with invasive pneumococcal infections identified by populationbased surveillance n 187 and controls identified through randomdigit telephone dialing n 280. Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs.
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